India
A combined view of India's UN General Assembly speeches, treaty commitments, and voting record.
The narrative paragraphs below are AI-generated syntheses of the data shown — the tables and figures themselves come directly from the underlying records, not from the AI.
Compare with another country →Speech history
India's General Assembly rhetoric has undergone a marked shift over the 2006–2025 period, moving from carefully calibrated multilateralism (multilateralism scores 78–84, 2006–2012) toward increasingly assertive national self-promotion paired with sharper bilateral criticism. From 2016 onward, India's emotional intensity surged (reaching 78 in 2018) and multilateralism scores fell (bottoming at 38 in 2021), reflecting a pivot toward showcasing domestic achievements—development, welfare programs, peacekeeping—and leveling pointed accusations against Pakistan, while maintaining calls for institutional reform rather than uncritical institutional support. By 2021–2025, the country's speeches combined confident self-assertion with systemic critique: concreteness and self-accountability scores remained high (68–78 and 72–74 respectively), but multilateralism dropped sharply (38–62), signaling India's shift from advocate of existing multilateral order to vocal critic demanding reform and recognition of its own leadership role in the Global South.
| Session | Multilateralism | Emotional intensity | Concreteness | Self-accountability |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 | Very High | Medium | High | Low |
| 2007 | High | Low | Medium | High |
| 2008 | Very High | Low | Medium | Medium |
| 2009 | Very High | Low | High | Medium |
| 2010 | High | Low | Medium | Medium |
| 2011 | High | Low | Medium | Medium |
| 2012 | High | Low | Medium | Low |
| 2014 | High | High | Medium | Low |
| 2016 | Medium | High | High | High |
| 2018 | Medium | High | High | High |
| 2019 | Medium | High | High | High |
| 2021 | Low | High | High | High |
| 2022 | High | Medium | High | High |
| 2023 | High | Medium | High | High |
| 2024 | Medium | High | High | High |
| 2025 | Medium | High | Medium | High |
Treaty status
Full treaty record →India demonstrates strong and comprehensive commitment to environmental treaties, having ratified ten of eleven tracked environment-related instruments, including the Paris Agreement and all major chemical and biodiversity conventions. In human rights, India has ratified four of five tracked treaties, notably signing but not ratifying the Convention against Torture, and similarly commits across trade governance instruments (ratifying all three tracked UNCAC, UNTOC, and UNCLOS variants). By stark contrast, India has taken no action on any of the four arms control treaties tracked—the Arms Trade Treaty, Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, anti-personnel mines convention, and Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons—reflecting alignment with its nuclear-armed status and strategic autonomy doctrine.
Arms control & security
- Arms Trade TreatyNo action
- Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban TreatyNo action
- Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their DestructionNo action
- Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear WeaponsNo action
Environment & climate
- Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their DisposalRatified
- Convention on Biological DiversityRatified
- Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone LayerRatified
- Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeRatified
- Minamata Convention on MercuryRatified
- Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone LayerRatified
- Paris AgreementRatified
- Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International TradeRatified
- Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic PollutantsRatified
- United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in AfricaRatified
- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeRatified
Human rights
- Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or PunishmentSigned, not ratified
- Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against WomenRatified
- Convention on the Rights of Persons with DisabilitiesRatified
- Convention on the Rights of the ChildRatified
- International Covenant on Civil and Political RightsRatified
International justice
- Rome Statute of the International Criminal CourtNo action
Trade & governance
- United Nations Convention against CorruptionRatified
- United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized CrimeRatified
- United Nations Convention on the Law of the SeaRatified
Voting record
Full voting record →India votes affirmatively in the vast majority of General Assembly sessions (4,674 yes votes of 5,694 total), with selective abstentions (732) allowing flexibility on contentious issues. However, India registers consistent dissent on one specific issue: it cast "no" votes in 2012, 2019, 2021, 2023, and 2024 on conventional arms control resolutions that drew overwhelming consensus (99% support), underscoring India's resistance to regional arms control frameworks that could constrain its strategic autonomy or be perceived as asymmetrically applied in South Asian contexts.
Notable dissents from consensus
Conventional arms control at the regional and subregional levels : resolution / adopted by the General Assembly
2024-12-02 · voted N · 99% voted yes
Conventional arms control at the regional and subregional levels : resolution / adopted by the General Assembly
2021-12-06 · voted N · 99% voted yes
Conventional arms control at the regional and subregional levels : resolution / adopted by the General Assembly
2023-12-04 · voted N · 99% voted yes
Conventional arms control at the regional and subregional levels : resolution / adopted by the General Assembly
2012-12-03 · voted N · 99% voted yes
Conventional arms control at the regional and subregional levels : resolution / adopted by the General Assembly
2019-12-12 · voted N · 99% voted yes
Human development
Full HDI record →Human Development Index: 0.685 (Medium), ranked #130 globally in 2023.
Combines life expectancy, education, and income into one comparable score, 0 to 1. Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2025 — deterministic figures, not AI-generated.
1990–2023